The Natural Hazards Of Watertown, Ny Is Vulnerable Essay

Watertown, NY is vulnerable to various natural hazards. Hazard mitigation is very important to emergency management. Hazard mitigation are actions that are taken to minimize the efforts of a natural disaster. Identify and Characterize the Hazards Hazards affecting Watertown Category of Hazards Type of Hazards Ranking Atmospheric Extreme Temperatures, winter storms, tornadoes 1 Hydrologic Flooding, droughts 2 Geologic Earthquake, landslides 3 Extreme Temperatures Extreme cold will result in freezing rivers and ice jams. When these thaw out it will result in flooding. No matter where the freezing takes place, the after effect will always cause flooding which will have adverse effects on crops and vegetation. Extreme cold can cause frostbite and hypothermia. Strong winds along with extreme cold makes the conditions feel a lot worst. The high winds take away bod heat, making the body feel cold a lot faster. According to the New York State Climate Office, extreme cold events in New York State occur regularly and are most common between October and March. The northern states are the areas that are most susceptible to extreme temperatures. This is an acceptable risk. Despite the cold temperatures, you still have many people that venture into the cold to fight the freezing conditions. Winter Storm / Ice Storm Severe winter storms are characterized by the hazards of high winds, extreme cold, heavy snow. Winter storms consist of cold temperatures and heavy snow or ice.

Essay on A Lesson About Life in The Stolen Party - 892 Words

A Lesson About Life in The Stolen Party In Liliana Heker’s story, The Stolen Party, the young child Rosaura is hurt because she is a victim of a class structure which keeps the rich on the top and people like her and her mother at the bottom of society. By the end of the story Rosaura will have learned a very important lesson in class structure which, because it is so traumatic for her, she will carry with her for the rest of her life. The first evidence we see which supports the claim that this is a story of class structure comes when Rosaura’s mother says to her, I don’t like you going, it’s a rich people’s party (Heker 1133). This lets the reader know that the mother is aware of the ways of the world. She knows that†¦show more content†¦Another example which shows that Rosaura is unaware of class structure is when Luciana’s cousin, the girl with the bow, talks to her. It is obvious that this girl has learned about the class structure boundaries by the way she treats Rosaura. The girl gets Rosaura to admit that her mother is an employee, and she tells Rosaura that just because she does her homework with Luciana does not mean they are friends. Rosaura lets this roll off her back like every other thing that has been said to her that day. It seems that she is repeatedly getting introduced to the idea that there are social classes, but this does not come together until the end of the story. Another example which supports the idea that Rosaura is seen as help is by the way she is treated by Senora Ines. Rosaura thinks she is getting special privileges because she is the only one allowed in the kitchen, the only one who is allowed to help serve the hot-dogs, and the only child who could help pass out the birthday cake. Instead, Rosaura is being treated as a maid by Senora Ines, and she does not even know it. Senora Ines thinks this treatment is acceptable because Rosaura is the daughter of the maid and not of a high class background like herself. Senora Ines assumed that Rosaura knew her place because it was natural toShow MoreRelatedSelf-discovery in Toni Bambora ´s The Lesson and Liliana Heker ´s The Stolen Party679 Words   |  3 Pagesoverall theme of a story. Two literary stories in particular, â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Bambara and â€Å"The Stolen Party† by Liliana Heker, have used socioeconomic status to create a second theme of self-discovery. T he main characters in each of these two stories are young girls who discover their adult selves by the end. A low socioeconomic status was a part of each character’s character development in â€Å"The Lesson† and â€Å"The Stolen Party†, which ultimately forced them down a path of self-discovery. GoodRead More Comparing Maya Angelous Graduation and Liliana Hekers The Stolen Party1020 Words   |  5 PagesLiliana Hekers The Stolen Party    Maya Angelous Graduation and Liliana Hekers The Stolen Party share a common theme. Each author demonstrates through young girls that lifes experiences, especially as a child, teach important lessons. Although Angelous Graduation and Hekers The Stolen Party share a distinct resemblance, they also differ. The main similarity is that Margaret from Graduation and Rosaura from The Stolen Party are both excited about a day that they considerRead MoreThe Stolen Party By Liliana Heker951 Words   |  4 Pagesthe suddenly realizing that you are nothing but a paid helper. Well thats what the short story â€Å"The Stolen Party† by Liliana Heker is all about. The adventures Rosaura the maid’s daughter and her experience of going to her first rich persons party and how she interprets it. Throughout the story we see that Rosaura does certain tasks for the owner of the house Seà ±ora Ines and at the end of the party she is paid for these task. We can interpret this in many ways, but for this essay we will say thatRead MoreEssay on A Two-Class Society Exposed in The Stolen Party1289 Words   |  6 PagesTwo-Class Society Exposed in The Stolen Party  Ã‚   In a perfect world we would all live together in peace. But we don’t live in such a world. In Liliana Heker’s story The Stolen Party we are reminded of the real world and the thin line that separates the lower class from the upper class. In an instant we see all the discrimination and inhumane treatment some people feel they have a right to inflict on those whom they consider not one of them. The story is about Rosaura, the nine-year-old daughterRead MoreEssay on The Stolen Party686 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The Stolen Party† by Liliana Heker Zach Craig b2 2-11-13 â€Å"The Stolen Party† by Liliana Heker is a short story about a girl’s life experience that changes her point of view on society. One day, she gets an invitation to a rich daughter’s birthday. Her mother is a maid and works for them. Rosaura’s youth and innocence shows that she doesn’t realize the true meaning of the invitation, and firmly believes that there is no social distinction between the rich and the poor. She believes that even ifRead MoreData Breaches Case Study704 Words   |  3 Pagesbiggest or most significant breaches of the 21st century to show how much risk or damage the breach caused for companies, insurers and users or account holders. Example 1: Yahoo (2013-2014) which considered the biggest data breach in history and impact about 3 billion users, in 2014. The attack compromised the real names, email addresses, dates of birth and telephone numbers of 500 million users. In 2013 group of hackers had compromised 1 billion accounts. The company said the vast majority of the passwordsRead MoreFirst They Killed My Father by Luong Ung Essay1030 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1975, The Khmer Rouge became the ruling political party of Cambodia after overthrowing the Lon Nol government. Following their leader Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge imposed an extreme form of social engineering on Cambodian society. They wanted to form an anti-modern, anti-Western ideal of a restructured â€Å"classless agrarian society, a radical form of agrarian communism where the whole population had to work in collective farms or forced labor projects. The Khmer Rouge revolutionary army enforcedRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You1106 Words   |  5 PagesBig Brother as he is. The two begin to fall in love and eventually become lovers. As the novel progresses Winston becomes more and more interested in a secret rebellious group called the Brotherhood who reject all the ideals of Big Brother and the Party. He becomes particularly fascinated with Obrien whom he thinks is a member but also works for Big Brother. Obrien later admits that he is part of the Brotherhood and wants Winston and Julia to join as well. He gives them a copy of the manifesto ofRead MoreThe Christmas Carol Character Analysis1006 Words   |  5 Pagesscraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner!† But this is not how Scrooge would end his life. When the first Spirit visited Scrooge it showed him his past life when he was a child, it showed him how he was at the boarding school all alone and how his sister came and told him he could come home. It also showed him Old Fezziwigs party when he was a apprentice for him. When Scrooge was watching his old self at Fe zziwig wigs party Charles Dickens says: â€Å"During the whole of this time, Scrooge had acted like aRead MoreAn Inspector Calls1123 Words   |  5 PagesThere was a lot of social unrest as the working class people where uniting to protest for fair pay, reduced working hours, and better working conditions. The play is set in The Birling Household during Shelia Birling and Gerald Crofts engagement party. The party comes to an abrupt end when a unknown inspector arrives at their door with some news. The news that the inspector has is that a girl names Eva Smith committed suicide by drinking strong disinfectant. Although Eva doesn’t appear in the play,

Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work settings free essay sample

Indirect Discrimination: Indirect discrimination occurs when policies and practices, which appear neutral or fair because they are applied to everyone, actually disadvantage people and particular groups within society. For example, if a job advertisement states that applicants must be able to drive then this could put a certain people at a disadvantage, such as those with a disability. So for example you may have a school display every year to celebrate Christmas because the majority of the children would be classed as ‘white’ ‘’Christian’. But if other faiths celebrations are not represented then smaller groups could be discriminated against. Direct discrimination in the work setting occurs when nursery policies which applied to everyone might on purpose disadvantaged children from particular group. For example if the nursery every year celebrate Christmas and making a display and activities about that , but not taking into account that not every child is christen and not celebrating other cultures festivals then children are discriminated one against the other. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work settings or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The other example is when the nursery gets children from one particular group, but not trying to be open for everyone and not getting children from different cultures, countries and race Practitioners might unintentionally categories children in a particular way. For instance girls playing with dolls in a cooking area and boys playing with cars and trucks, girls are more quiet than the boys, concentrate and settle down easier, children with African background are better in sport and music, but not good in academic subjects, physically disabled children will not manage in the sport activities, travelers children live poor life and never achieve anything because of their way of living. This is called stereotyping and this type of practice might not be deliberate. It happens when the practitioner is not aware of his attitude and see children as a group of the same characteristics but not as an individuals. Stereotypes: A practitioner may intentionally or intentionally categories children in a particular way. So for example boys play with blue things and girls play with pink or boy can play with car toy and girls can play with dolls and the dressing up area.

Where I Grew Up free essay sample

Picture a cul-de-sac, wide and sunny, surrounded by light-colored two-story houses. Now picture two pairs of sisters. Maybe the older sisters create art together on a white driveway, like Picassos with sidewalk chalk. The younger two are more active, jumping their scooters and bikes over curbs and wielding popsicles like swords or lances. Perhaps they are yelling at each other, perhaps they are giggling instead, but they are noisy and the older sisters try to isolate themselves in their fantastically colored world. Or maybe the four girls are all together, the older two pushing-pulling the younger sisters up the hill as they sit, giggling, in a sturdy plastic wagon. Letting go, the older sisters laugh as the wagon rolls merrily away, accompanied by half-heartedly indignant shrieks. They chase after, racing the wagon to the bottom of the hill. Their mothers are chatting on the sidewalk, and as the four girls stumble-roll to a stop, the mothers call out to their respective children. We will write a custom essay sample on Where I Grew Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is dinner time, but they’ll be back outside in a little while, playing and laughing as the street fades into semi-darkness. I am one of the older sisters, here. I grew up in a close-knit community with friendly neighbors and many, many afternoons spent in the sun. It is absolutely the most supportive environment I could have ever hoped for: with the same people standing beside me throughout my life, I have grown into a confident, creative individual and am completely ready for a new great adventure.

An Analysis of the Healthy and Dangerous Ways of Weight Loss Essays

An Analysis of the Healthy and Dangerous Ways of Weight Loss Essays An Analysis of the Healthy and Dangerous Ways of Weight Loss Essay An Analysis of the Healthy and Dangerous Ways of Weight Loss Essay An Analysis of the Healthy and Dangers of Weight Loss Marisa Baraley Com/170 November 8 2011 Theresa Zangara An Analysis of the Healthy and Dangers of Weight Loss Although weight loss can be beneficial, researching the healthy a dangerous ways to approach weight loss can be both rewarding and deter mental to your health if you do not make the right choice. According to the CDC, obesity is the number one health threat here in America. More than one third of U. S. adults and 16% of children are found to be obese. Statistics show that 98% that lose weight the unhealthy way gain all the weight back plus more. What we do not realize is that there are healthy and dangerous ways and their similarities in results. It’s very important to be aware of the signs of weight loss. Just because you are losing weight does not mean it is a healthy way. In both healthy and dangerous ways you will begin to see a change in energy and decrease in weight. However, if you are not following a healthy diet and sufficient exercise program or work out, in the long run this will cause great damage to your organs and your body will begin to eat itself causing you to push your body harder with lack of energy. It you are serious about losing weight, and then I suggest doing it in a healthy way. Exercise is very important and effective for weight loss and weight maintenance. Exercise and eating healthy can also help prevent several diseases and improve your health. Nutrition experts highly recommend that you maintain a healthy eating habit than impatiently using crash diets in losing a certain amount of weight in a few days. Such diets are called fad diets, which do not include healthy eating habits. Dieting is eating food in a regulated way. Knowing what amount of calorie intake you should have per day is vital when attempting to lose weight. Such as a low-fat diet, this is the reduction of the amount of fat in one’s diet. Here calorie consumption is then there is decrease of fat because it is then consumed. Low-carbohydrate diets, such as Atkins and Protein power, are very high in protein. They restrict carbohydrate intake sufficiently, which cause Ketosis. Low-calorie diets produce a energy of 500-1000 of calories allowed per day, which is a result in short term loss of 8% body mass in 3-12 months losing 2. 2lbs a week. Very low calorie diet provides 200-800 calories allowed a day. Your body will start to feel starvation and produce and weekly weight loss of 5. 5lbs. This will cause your body to fight to preserve energy burning less fat and more muscle. The first step is setting the right goals and a healthy diet. These are the keys to a healthy relationship with food. Meaning you need to eat when you are hungry. This will then stabilize your body and its natural weight. You will start to see results in losing weight where it matters using adequate exercise and eating healthy. Dieting is a practice of eating food in a steady way to maintain a controlled weight. In most cases, dieting is used in a combination with physical exercise to lose weight in those who are obese or overweight. Weight loss involves the loss of fat, muscle and water. When you’re trying to lose weight, your goal is to reduce the percentage of body fat. A decrease in body fat is the reduction of body mass due to a loss of fluid, bone mineral deposits, tender muscle and connective tissue. As you begin to change your diet you will start seeing a change of energy and a decrease in weight. Proper nutrition is foods that provide nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary minerals fat’s, and water. Carbohydrates are metabolized to provide an abundance of energy. Proteins provide amino acids, which are for cell construction for muscle cells. Fatty acids are required for brain and cell membrane construction. Vitamins and trace minerals help to keep good electrolyte balance which are then used for metabolic processes. Besides the importance of eating a balanced diet that includes all necessary nutrients, create attainable goals with the amount of weight that you would like to lose. By changing the way you go about eating can make it easier to eat less without feeling deprived. It takes about 15 minutes for your brain to get the message that you have eaten a meal. ( faama. org ) By eating slowly, chewing each bite at least 30 times before swallowing will help you to become fuller faster. Eating fruits and vegetables can make you feel fuller. Another good way is to use a smaller plate, so that you can moderate your portions to appear not so small to your brain . ( http://en. wikipedia. org) Eat moderately, exercise, and eat foods that have nutritional value and satisfy your taste buds. If you do follow an attainable plan to lose weight, you will successfully lose weight and be healthy. In all reality with dieting, you need to definitely research the many diets out there, not for your looks but for your health and make weight loss a healthy lifestyle and not a diet. After analyzing the difference between the healthy and dangerous ways of weight loss I have to definitely change my eating and exercise lifestyle. As I was doing research on my weight loss, I saw myself as a teen struggling with my weight. For years I have been struggling with my weight. When I was younger, looks were important. And I can remember times when I would starve myself because I wanted to be liked and to be able to wear the clothes that I wanted. I felt like an outcast because of my weight. I was always told you have a pretty face if only you would lose some weight. I then became obsessed with losing weight by using diet pills and drinks. So very unhealthy, but I had known knowledge of the dangers with the choices I was making in losing weight. I did lose weight but as soon as I stop taking diet pills I then gained more weight back including what I had loss. Today I am more concerned with my health and have knowledge of the healthy and dangerous ways in losing weight. I am going to change my lifestyle around completely by eating healthy, exercising daily and taking vitamins.

Essay Change Control

Essay Change Control Essay Change Control Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada Abstract Purpose – To explore the shared experience of organizational change from centralized allocation and control of services and resources to an empowering partnership approach to service delivery in one Canadian home care program. Design/methodology/approach – Applying an interpretive phenomenological design, data from in-depth interviews with a purposeful sample (n  ¼ 28) of providers, clients and informal caregivers were analysed using hermeneutic techniques, and validated by member checking and peer review. Findings – The overall experience of change was comprised of two dynamic change patterns: extrinsically introduced organizational development, facilitated by contextual factors; and intrinsically developed transformational change, impeded by the same contextual factors. The patterns together comprised participants’ enactment of an answer to the existential question, â€Å"To have or to be?† Research limitations/implications – While interpretive research does not elicit generalizable results, the ï ¬ ndings of this study illuminate the importance of choosing change strategies appropriate for the intended change, addressing what the change may mean to all involved, and confronting the contextual factors that undermine the change. Practical implications – New strategies are needed if engrained attitudes, values and beliefs about professional service delivery are to be changed. Originality/value – The interpretation exposes the nature of professional practice in health and social services, the impact of this work context on practice, and concrete strategies for managing organizational change. Keywords Organizational change, Health services, Home care, Social services, Canada Paper type Research paper Introduction Declining resources and organizational restructuring distract attention from efforts to develop more client-centred, empowering partnership approaches to health and social services delivery (Falk-Raphael, 1996; Montgomery, 1993; Stewart et al., 2003). Yet in the ï ¬ eld of home care, heightened consumer expectations and evaluations of approaches affording clients greater autonomy and voice in their care at home (Alberta Ministry of Health, 1993; Manitoba Ministry of Health, 1994; Saskatchewan Health, This interdisciplinary study was funded by the Medical Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The ï ¬ ndings and conclusions are those of the authors. No ofï ¬ cial endorsement by the funding bodies should be concluded, nor should it be inferred. The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Ms Lisa Tran with the preparation of Figure 1. Journal of Organizational Change Management Vol. 19 No. 2, 2006 pp. 119-135 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0953-4814 DOI 10.1108/09534810610648861 JOCM 19,2 120 1996) support change in this direction. The limited research evidence suggests that clients demonstrate potential for involvement (Fast and Chapin, 1996), but changing care approaches to empower them as partners in care may be slow (England and Evans, 1992), stressful (Charles et al., 1996) and impeded by organizational barriers (Ferronato, 1999; McWilliam et al., 1994, 2001). Publicly funded home care programs in Canada currently confront this dilemma. Their services normally are delivered in a brokerage model by a diversity of service providers with varying degrees of client involvement in their care. Providers include case managers, often nurses or social workers by professional background, who assess client needs, and based on their assessments, decide, access, coordinate, monitor and control amounts and timeframes of resources and services. These case managers act as brokers, contracting direct in-home service from other provider groups, including professional nurses, occupational, physical and speech therapists, and social workers, and

Advanced Anesthetic Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advanced Anesthetic Practice - Essay Example l of this reflection is to re-evaluate these two clinical experiences as an anaesthetic nurse and to establish that better knowledge and skills have been gained by this nurse from these experiences. The 9-year old girl, Cora (not her real name), was admitted due to pain in her lower abdomen, which started three hours prior to admission, with the pain radiating to her lower right abdomen by the time she was admitted. She also had a high-grade fever at 39.50C (103.10F) and vomited as soon as they arrived in the emergency room. Prior to the manifestation of her initial symptoms, she was running the tracks at a nearby park with her friends. In the emergency room, the attending ER internist physically assessed and examined Cora and determined that she had appendicitis and immediately recommended her for surgery. Her pain symptoms were escalating and were progressively becoming unbearable. Pain escalation, in this case, is attributed to peritoneal irritation (Craig 2014). Based on the above gathered data on the patient, I planned my next actions and decisions accordingly. I prepared the essential equipment appropriate for physiology of the child, specifically a T-piece Mapleson E valveless breathing system (Ramamani, Mohanty, and Suman Gupta 2008). This is a breathing system which supports spontaneous as well as controlled breathing. This system is attached to a 0.5 litre double-ended bag, providing the least resistance during expiration (Ramamani, Mohanty, and Suman Gupta 2008). I opted for an adjustable pressure limiting (APL) valve including a closed-ended bag or the Ayre’s T-piece to manage scavenging (Gregory and Andropoulos 2012). A paediatric circle breathing system was also set (Gregory and Andropoulos 2012). Dead space refers to the amount of alveolar gas breathed in, and the volume of such space is decreased through an infant paediatric mask used with an appropriate filter and port (Goonasekera, Goodwin, and Wang 2014. Goonasekera and colleagues (2014),

Macroevolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroevolution - Essay Example It focuses mainly on the changes which occur above the levels of species (Levinton, 67). In contrast with the micro evolution, it refers to the evolution changes within a species population. The process of specification fall within the purview depending on the forces thought to drive it. Comparative genomics, developmental and paleontology, contribute most of the evidence for patterns and the process which can be classified as macroevolution. Annelida is commonly known as segmented worms which are found in the deepest marine sediments and the city park yards. During the 20th century, Annelida was divided into three main subgroups oligochaeta, polychaeta and Hirudinea (Levinton, 88). Leeches and earthworms are similar to annelids for most people. The polychaeta comprise extent of the divergence of the Annelida and is found near the marine habitat. There are even pelagic polychaeta, which swims, preying on the other plankton and few groups exist in fresh water and the moist environment s. Around nine thousand species of polychaeta are recognized, and the overall systematics groups remain unstable. The oligochaeta and Hirudinea comprise of several other species form a clade which can be referred either clitellata or oligochaeta. It is possible the group may well belong to polychaeta; this makes polychaeta similar with Annelida. There is evidence supporting that all annelids have recently been groped as a single group. The common system used to divide polychaeta was Errantia; his was essentially a system to convenience with no aim of characterize evolutionary relationships. Recent analyses of the Annelida and other groups have resulted into new classification of polychaeta. The group split into two groups palpate and Scolecida. Scolecida contains species less than 1000; these worms are all couch form to another. Palpate have the majority of polychaeta and is also divided into aciculate and canalipalpata. Aciculate are approximately half the polychaeta species and la rgely aggress the old taxonomic group Para podia. Arthropods have taken over almost all the environment on the surface of the earth. Pieces supporting the evidence run that more species of the arthropods are multi celled animals, but that is only true for the expound species and more hobbyists are added to that list for insects. The phylum arthropod is divided in two subphyla, which are named according to their mouthparts but have several differences. The chelicerae’s, named for mouthparts derived from the appearance of the legs and the chelicerae, they do not have antennae found in the subphylum. The chelicerates have six pairs of appendages. One pair of chelicerae is followed by a pair of pedipalps, legs which are adapted with other purposes rather than walking. The horse crab is an old group which has five pairs of legs and no pedipalps; it resembles a shield with two eyes and a tail. They live in sandy zones; have been existing for a long time looking much similar as they are today. The evolutionary theory, they suggest that creatures are suited to an environment which has remained stable for a long time which would change. When exposed to direct radiation chemicals, which mutate animals DNA, changed molecules. The process of mesmerisation is known in drosophila. The metameric pattern can be extended to arthropods and other related animals. The known diversity of metameric process should evolutionary interprets the relationship between their developmental and morphological features. We view the aspects of drosophila development which involve Para segmentation and compartmentalization patterns. The regularities are compared with what is known as phenomena in other crustaceans, onyochophorans and millipedes. The Annelida segments and hypothetical soft bodied which cannot be

Social development Essay Example for Free

Social development Essay Inclusion is viewed as a social development connected to a history of social policy reform in the United States beginning in the mid-1950s. Inclusion involves the processes of increasing the participation of students in, and reducing their exclusion from, mainstream curricula, cultures and communities. There has been a vigorous, ongoing academic debate between those who support and those who oppose the inclusion of special education students in general education classes. Much of this debate has taken the form of argument about the appropriateness of instructing special education students in classrooms with their general education peers or in separate, exclusionary spaces. When special education students are included in general education classrooms, they are expected to adhere to a modified version of the standard curriculum and are graded according to alternative standards. This work considers inclusion in the classrooms of Longview Public Schools. An overview of the national and local contexts for inclusion is presented, and then a high school theater arts class is portrayed from data collected over a fifteen-week period. The work concludes with a synthesis of the issues raised by the case-study and their implications for continued progress toward the goal of inclusion in American society and its impact on special needs students. Literature Review The idea of inclusive education was given impetus by two conferences set up under the auspices of the United Nations. The first of these, held in Jomtien, Thailand in 1990, promoted the idea of education for all; this was followed in 1994 by a UNESCO conference in Salamanca, Spain, which led to a Statement that is being used in many countries to review their education policies. The Salamanca Statement proposes that the development of schools with an inclusive orientation is the most effective means of improving the efficiency and ultimately the cost-effectiveness of the entire education system. The International Journal of Inclusive Education, established in 1997, encourages the same broad conception of inclusive education as ourselves, involving an examination of all the processes of inclusion and exclusion in education. Among those who anticipated the failure of mainstreaming during the 1980s, many challenged the institutional practice of special education, calling for widespread reform (see Reynolds, Wang, and Walberg 1987; Sarason and Doris 1982; Skrtic 1986; Will 1986). The radical restructuring of special education urged by Skrtic (1986) has yet to occur, although some states have attempted special education reform, often in concert with general education reform (Ferguson 1995; Thousand and Villa 1995). However, so-called â€Å"systemic reform† of special education is far from the norm in the United States (Roach 1995). Skrtics (1995) theoretical analysis of the field of special education aims for excellence, equity, and adhocracy through a deconstruction and reconstruction of both general and special education for a post-industrial economy in the twenty-first century. He maintains that an alternative paradigm, that of critical pragmatism, is necessary to reconstruct special education and disability. Without it, the current inclusion debate will not â€Å"resolve the special education problems of the twentieth century†¦ [but] will simply reproduce them in the twenty-first century† (p. 80). He argues that critical pragmatism enables individuals to continually evaluate and reappraise the â€Å"political consequences of a professions knowledge, practices, and discourses by critically assessing them and the assumptions, theories, and metatheories in which they are grounded† (p. 91). The authors of the book From Them to Us: An International Study of Inclusion in Education (Ainscow Booth 1998) used the terms special educational needs or just special needs to categorize pupils with learning difficulties, physical impairments and behaviour disorders. Such terminology implies that there is a division to be drawn between â€Å"normal† and â€Å"less than normal† learners. It implies exclusion, as pointed out by Booth (1995, p. 99). The term integration is still in use among teachers although officially, at least, it has been replaced. When referring to integration, teachers mean the presence in ordinary schools of those children who used to be transferred to special schools or special classes. One of the writers on normalization (Solum 1991) has tried to replace integration with the term anti-segregation. This has a more positive connotation in that it takes for granted that nobody is segregated at the beginning and, therefore, the challenge is to see that everybody remains within the regular school. For many involved in the current debate on inclusion, it is evident that the questions raised by Sarason and Doris over a decade ago remain unanswered, diluted by concerns that locate this endeavor within an educational rather than a societal discourse. The current literature on inclusion in the United States documents the way the practical realities related to inclusion continue to obscure the â€Å"charity† needed to frame the moral issue (Zigmond et al. 1995). This literature, in combination with the concerns of Sarason and Doris and the warnings issued by Skrtic, challenge the success of inclusion. And yet, at this particular moment schools continue to grapple with inclusion: an ill-defined, and yet, ever-increasingly accepted and widely practiced reform.

Economic Issues in Mineral Based Economies

Economic Issues in Mineral Based Economies Why do Mineral-Based Developing Economies Face Economic Problems? The Case Study of Nigeria and Botswana 1. Introduction. Mineral-based economies have been defined as â€Å"those developing countries which generate at least 8 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their export earnings from the mineral sector†. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). Two main categories of mineral-based economies have been identified. These include hydrocarbon producers and hard mineral exporters (producers of ores such as copper and tin). (Auty, 1993). Although one may reasonably expect developing mineral-based economies to witness tremendous economic development owing to their rich mineral resources, this has hardly been the case. According to Davis (1995: p. 1766) â€Å"mineral-based economies rather have development problems than development advantages†. In addition, Davis (1998) notes that economists and political scientists have recently proposed that mineral economies’ growth is below par, despite the mineral windfalls (rents) generated from mineral extraction. The mineral sector has even been classified as a ‘loser’ sector in the economic development race. (Shafer, 1994) cited by Davis (1998). Citing from a recent World Bank conference on mining and economic development, Davis (1995: p. 1765) states that several invited experts noted with concern the historical poor per capita economic growth of the mineral-exporting nations. In particular, participants from mineral-based developing economies were justly anxious about their fate. (Davis, 1995: p. 1765). In addition to fears of the â€Å"Dutch disease† and the â€Å"resource curse thesis† (explanations of these terms follow in subsequent sections), delegates were also concern about the appropriate policy response measures to these issues. (Davis, 1995). This paper aims at explaining why mineral-based developing economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development as one would expect. In meeting with this objective, the paper makes use of two case studies of mineral-based developing economies which include Nigeria (A hydrocarbon exporter) and Botswana (a hard mineral exporter). The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section two presents a literature review on why mineral-based economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development with particular emphasis on the Dutch Disease and the resource curse thesis; section 3 presents a discussion of the case studies making reference to their GDP growth, export revenue from mineral resources and per capita GDP; and section 4 presents some conclusions and recommendations. 2. Literature Review. Much of the literature has attributed underdevelopment of mineral-based developing economies to the Dutch disease. (Roemer, 1985) cited by Davis (1998) The Dutch disease is defined as a situation where an economy highly dependent on natural resources witnesses a decline in economic development as a result of a depletion of the natural resource or a sudden drop in the price of the resource. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). According to Davis (1995: p. 1768), the Dutch disease is a ‘morbid’ term that denotes the coexistence of booming and lagging sectors in an economy due to temporary or sustained increase in earnings. Mineral economies have been identified to generate an ideal environment for the disease given their notable minerals booming sector. (Davis, 1995). Mineral-based economies are characterized by a booming minerals sector at the expense of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. (Davis, 1995). Ross (2003) suggests that mineral exports may cause economic volatility, inco me inequality, and crowding out of productivity growth in the manufacturing sector, which effects could increase poverty and reduce social welfare. Cordon and Neary (1982) cited in Auty (2001) explain the role of the Dutch disease on the deterioration of mineral-based economies using a three-sector model composed of a resource sector such as oil or other primary product exporting industry, a sector of tradeables, such as the manufacturing and agricultural sectors and non-tradeables. According to the model, a boom in the resource sector has three effects: a spending effect; a relative price effect and a resource movement effect. Looking at the spending effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the increased export revenues increases the demand for both tradables and non-tradables although spending on tradables fails to raise their domestic prices because prices in an open economy are determined in international markets. Consequently, any excess demand is met by imports. (Auty, 2001). Looking at the relative price effect, Auty (2001) suggests that failure to sterilize the increase in foreign exchange will result to an appreciation of the currency, which will in turn reduce the domestic prices of exports as well as those of imports competing with domestic products. In addition, a currency appreciation will lead to a reduction of the rents of the booming sector but may not be sufficient to reduce the sector’s output. (Auty, 2001). Domestic prices of non-tradables will rise with the rise in demand and these prices will neither be affected by the currency appreciation nor competitive imports. This will therefore result to an increase in the prices of non-tradables relative to the prices of tradables, as well as a reduction in exports and an increase in imports. (Auty, 2001). Macroeconomic theory suggests that the national income of a country is positively related to exports and negatively related to imports. The net increase in imports therefore leads to a reduction in the national income of the mineral-based State, which in turn hurts its economic development. Finally, as concerns the resource movement effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the movement of resources between sectors will also affect capital accumulation. Assuming a relatively labour-intensive non-tradable sector and a capital-intensive tradable sector, the movement in favour of the non-tradable sector will tend to raise wages and lower returns to capital thereby reducing capital accumulation. (Auty, 2001). In addition, assuming manufacturing is favourable to growth and that mineral resource booms cause it to decline, the mineral-based economy could experience slower long-term growth than the case would be if it had no mineral resources. (Auty, 2001). To support this view, Auty (2001) cites a number of studies that argue in favour of the fact that mineral resource booms tend to limit the growth of developing mineral based economies. For example, Matsuyama (1993It has also been sugges ted that mineral windfall facilitate irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. (e.g., Gelb, 1988; Ranis, 1991; Ranis and Mahmood, 1992) cited by Davis (1988). The issue as to why mineral-based economies remain underdeveloped is somehow controversial. (Auty, 2001). On the one hand, Mainstream economists have argued that primary commodity exports are the only way that countries in the early stages of development can generate the foreign exchange necessary to pay for essential imports and to service foreign debt. (Auty, 2001). On the other hand, Structurist economists (e.g., Presbish, 1950) cited by Auty (2001) argued that a long-run decline in prices for primary exports is an inevitable result of the increasing use of synthetics, shrinking raw material content of finished products and low elasticity of demand for raw materials. In addition Auty (2001) argues that oligopolistic markets in developed countries indicated that productivities increases there were captured in the form of higher income by workers and owners, while in the developing countries productivity gains were passed on to (northern) consumers in the form of lower prices. What the structurists economists are saying in effect is that mineral-rich developing countries because they lack the capacity to transform their raw materials into finished products often supply these products to developed or industrialized countries at very low prices. Industrialised countries in turn transform these raw materials into finished products and sell them to developing countries at very high prices, which do not match the prices for which they supplied their raw materials. By so doing mineral-rich developing countries continue to face declining levels of economic developing at the expense of developed countries. This idea is consistent with dependency theory[1]. For example, Presbish (1950) cited by Auty (2001) projected a downward trend in the terms of trade for primary products in relation to manufactured goods imported by developing countries from developed countries. In addition, Abubakar (1989: p. 19) describes Africa as a continent locked in an unequal exchange with t he developed world. Being perhaps the richest continent in the world, Africa has been transformed into undeniably the poorest continent. The following is a quote from Julius Nyerere, a prominent leader in Africa: â€Å"Every morning I listen to the B.B.C. to learn the price of the cotton and coffee with which Tanzania earns its foreign exchange. The prices of tractors and other goods we need to buy are not announced; they are fixed by the manufacturers in the Developed World, and we learn what they are when we go to buy†. (Abubakar, 1989: p. 19) quoting Julius Nyerere. 3. Case Studies of Nigeria and Botswana 3.1 Nigeria Nigeria falls in the first category of mineral-based economies identified by Auty (1993) as hydrocarbon producers. Minerals constitute 62.3% of the country’s merchandise exports and 9.6% of GDP and its mineral dependence index is 36 (the mineral dependence index is defined as the mean percentage contribution of minerals to GDP, merchandise exports, and government revenues). (Davis, 1995) citing Kuburshi (1984); United Nations (1974, 1976, 1987, 1993a, 1993c); World Bank (1993). Nigeria’s mineral dependence index of 36 indicates that it is highly dependent on minerals. This is following from Auty (1993) who considers a mineral dependence index of 20% or more to indicate mineral dependence. Nigeria was ranked 19th among developing countries that depended on minerals in 1970. This was based on the ranking of countries according to mineral dependence index in 1970. Based on 1991 rankings, Nigeria still maintained the 19th position and its minerals as a percentage of merchan dise exports had increased to 86.0 percent, minerals as a percentage of GDP stood at 7.6 percent and its mineral dependence index was 46.8 percent. (Davis, 1995). According to Eifert et al. (2002) oil represents an estimated 37 percent of GDP in Nigeria, and 63 percent of consolidated government revenues. The political economy of Nigeria has had an important role to play on how oil resources are managed in Nigeria. The public sector is the principal controller of these resources, which has fuelled the functioning of an extensive machinery of rent seeking a political patronage. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria is characterised by a fragile ‘political coalition’ of diverse ethnic and religious groups with diverse interests. Eifert et al. (2002) asserts that public expenditures in Nigeria are always ratcheted out of control during oil booms, leading to macroeconomic instability owing to the diverse number of ethnic and religious interests that characterise the country. For e xample Eifert et al. (2002) suggest that an estimated amount of $300billion constituting oil revenues has enriched a small group politically and socially influential elite during the last 2 to 3 decades at the expense of the majority of Nigerians who have become impoverished. This indicates that Nigeria has failed to benefit from a general economic welfare from its oil boom because of the selfish desires of a small political influential minority. This situation is consistent with Gelb (1988); Ranis (1991); Ranis and Mahmood (1992) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute poor economic development of mineral-based developing economies to mineral windfalls’ facilitation of irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. Nigeria’s case is also consistent with Karl (1997); Mahon (1992); and Shafer (1994) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute mineral-based economies’ failure to achieve substantial economic development to the entrenched socio-political rigidity and rent-seeking ass ociated with an extended period of mineral extraction. According to Eifert et al. (2002) Nigeria’s economic growth has been stagnant and it is estimated that its per capita income has fallen from approximately $800 in the early 1980s to approximately $300 as at 2002. Nigeria’s failure to grow can be attributed to its government structure. Throughout the military regime described by Eifert et al. (2002) as a period of military dictatorship, the manner in which the oil cycle was managed was solely determined by the federal executive. Government spending was so high that in 1976 it accounted for more than the entire increase in oil revenue. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria therefore faced rising fiscal and current account deficits following a failure of the 1975 oil price rise to bring the budget back into a surplus. By 1981, Nigeria had accumulated huge amounts of external debt, accompanied by capital flight. (Eifert et al., 2002). Increase government spending therefore fa iled to accelerate growth and there was little evidence of an increase in overall welfare that would have been expected during the sharp real appreciation that followed the spending binge. (Eifert et al., 2002). Eifert et al. (2002) attribute Nigeria’s failure to develop to the fact that its potential gains were rather absorbed in the sharply growing inefficiency of a corrupt and progressively more wasteful and distorted economy. Nigeria has made some efforts to adopt a democratic State but Eifert et al. (2002) conclude that the outcomes in the management of Nigeria’s oil cycle in the new democracy are thus so far not very different from the past pattern. This indicates that Political institutions in Nigeria are therefore shaped by a longer history than the current political regime. There is still an excessive an unsustainable increase in public expenditure, with considerable macroeconomic instability, and little to show in the growth and economic development. (Eifert, 2002). 3.2 Botswana. Botswana was ranked 35th in the mineral dependence index for developing countries in 1970. It had 0 percent for minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports, 19.6 percent for minerals as a percentage of GDP and 9.8 for mineral dependence index. (Davis, 1995). Following the ranking based on the minerals dependence index for developing economies in 1991, Botswana was ranked 8th with an 83.0 percent of minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports. Its minerals as a percentage of GDP had also increased to 41 percent and its mineral dependence index was 62.0. (Davis, 1995). Unlike Nigeria, Botswana falls in the second category of mineral-based economies with diamond, copper, nickel and coal constituting the principal hard minerals that it exported. (Curry, 1985). According to Curry (1985), Botswana, unlike other mineral-based economies in Africa that suffer from economic stagnation and political turmoil, Botswana has recorded an economic growth and political stability as a result of its fortuitous endowment of mineral wealth and sound macroeconomic management. Despite this development, Curry (1985) suggests that this growth strategy has produced underdevelopment and economic stagnation in rural agriculture, as well as increasing economic dependency on the republic of South Africa. Increases in mineral revenue has enriched the elite who have joined white farming families as the country’s large scale cattle owners, purchasing land and cattle from savings of relatively high salaries in the mining and public sectors. This situation has created two factions in Botswana. One rich and the other poor and there is an emerging clash between the rich and the poor that could destabilise and threaten an African success story as described by Curry (1985). In effect, mineral revenue in Botswana while it has helped to fuel economic development is threatening the growth of the agricultural sector and has also helped to widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Botswa na’s case is consistent with the Dutch disease which is consistent with the idea that a boom in one sector threatens a recession of other important sectors of the economy. The boom in the mineral sector has helped to fuel a recession in the agricultural sector in Botswana. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations This paper aimed at studying why mineral-based developing economies have witnessed more of economic problems than economic development. Nigeria’s case indicates that the country has suffered from autocratic and fractional democracies that have resulted to a poor management of the revenues from oil booms. As a consequence, mineral revenue has been spent without any fiscal discipline. This has led to the satisfaction of the desires of an influential minority at the expense of the welfare of the greater majority. Nigeria has basically not witnessed any economic development throughout boom in its oil sector. On its part, Botswana has witnessed growth and development as a result of its mineral resources. However, the boom in the mineral sector is hurting the agricultural sector and the situation has only benefited the rich who are using the mineral revenue to take over all land in Botswana for cattle rearing. Like Nigeria, Botswana’s mineral revenue has to some extent benefi t an influential minority. Based on the above, this paper recommends a more democratic regimes in mineral-based economies as well as an emphasis of the importance of all sectors in the economy. Governments in developing countries need to understand the importance of the manufacturing industry. Nigeria for example should be more concern about building its own oil refineries so as to boost its manufacturing industries. In Botswana, the government should implement high taxes on the rich elite so as to help redistribute the mineral income to the poor. Subsidies should be provided to the poor farmers. By so doing, there can be an equitable distribution of land, which will in turn boost the agricultural sector. Bibliography Abubakar A. (1989). Africa and the Challenge of Development: Acquiescence and Dependency Versus Freedom and Development. Praeger Publishers. New York. Auty R. M. (2001). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. Routledge. Auty R. M. (2001). The Underperformance of resource-abundant economies. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Edited by R.M Auty. UNU/WIDER studies in Development Economics. Oxford. Curry R. L (1985). Mineral-based growth and development-generated socioeconomic problems in Botswana: Rural Inequality, Water scarcity, food insecurity, and foreign dependence challenge governing class. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 319-336. Davis G. A. (1998). The minerals sector, sectoral analysis, and economic development. Resource Policy, vol. 24, No. 4, pp 217-228. Davis G. A. (1995). Learning to Love the Dutch Disease: Evidence from the Mineral Economies. World Development, vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 1765-1779. Eifert B., Gelb A., Tallroth N. B. (2002). The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy and Economic Management in Oil-Exporting Countries. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2899. The World Bank, Africa Regional Office. Lievesley G. (2003).DependencyThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. Tà ©treaul M. A., Abel C. F. (1986). Dependency Theory And The Return Of High Politics. Greenwood Press. New York. Footnotes [1] Dependency theory built upon the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) which characterized the world as divided into centre (the developed, inudstrialised North) and periphery (the underdeveloped agricultural South). (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory tries to explain the external mechanisms of control exerted by the centre on the periphery. The centre maintained the periphery in a state of underdevelopment for purposes of super exploitation. (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory therefore indicates that underdevelopment was not an original or inherent condition, it could rather be explained by the historical relationship between the developed and developing world.

Were the “cult of domesticity” sign of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition

Were the â€Å"cult of domesticity† and the rise of the child centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women's status and condition (1790-1860) The â€Å"Cult of Domesticity† also known as the â€Å"cult of true womanhood† developed as family lost its function as economic unit. Prior to the late 1700's the family worked together to make whatever was needed to survive. Women and children's contributions to the family were as important as the males. The surfacing of a market economy where males were able to make a living at professions other than farming changed the way the family unit functioned. With the new system children were able to stay at home which forced the women to have to stay home as well to care for them. Another support for the appearance of child-centered families and the â€Å"cult of domesticity† was the emergence of a new class, which became known as the middle class. The middle class did not need to make what it needed to survive. Men were able to leave the home to make money to support the family, which became the standard. A woman's life in this time period was divided into her domestic duties and her duty to learn social skills, and she was not allowed to enter the public realm of life dominated by men. That was considered unladylike. Women who dared were usually exploited. Most women remained in the home, as a sort of cultural hostage and thus assigning women to unpaid domestic labor. The rising ideals of nineteenth-century in America redefined women's roles in all classes not just the middle class. Though women were no longer expected to work outside the home this placed greater significance on a male's ability to earn enough money to make his wife's labor outside the home unnecessary. This devalued women's contributions outside the home. The â€Å"cult of domesticity† was a byproduct of the nineteenth century's Industrial Revolution and the movement away from the homestead into big cities. This family pattern not only devalued women of all classes it also demoralized working class men, who had the burden of being the wage earner with employment that did not always provide adequately. (Landry) The women of this class had their workload in many cases double they continued to farm or take care of the homestead, which used to be the males role, while at the same time keeping up with their housework and the duties of a mother. Male dominance and female submissiveness was a result of the† cult of domesticity†. There were less restrictions and more equality in the pre industrial era. Work was carried out within the family unit. The family unit, which included male and female, engaged in common objectives and responsibilities that help connect them as a family. With the onset of the male leaving to make a living this put the male more in control and diminished the females role in the family unit to lesser valued activities. There were more restrictions placed on females during this time period than males. A female's status was lowered to one of unpaid and under appreciated labor. The conditions of females were only important if it had a negative impact of the male of the house. Society used social, economic, and political restrictions to reinforce the woman's place in the home.

Romeo and Juliet, and War Poetry Comparison Paper

How well does Baz Lurhmann’s adaptation if the script show the theme of conflict? I think Baz Lurhmann’s adaptation of Romeo and Juliet strongly shows the theme of conflict throughout the entire film, in which it is retold for the modern viewers.Baz Lurhmann shows at the start of the film two sky high building with ‘Montague’ and ‘Capulet’ in bold lettering at the top, this shows how the two families have a lot of rivalry, such as in the business world of today’s society which a lot of people can relate to also the fact they are both nearly at a war about something nobody knows anything about ‘Ancient grudge‘, I think this is the base point of the build up of conflict in the film. Lurhmann also used quite modern weapons such as guns and drugs which I think is easier for people to understand, as it is up to date which world today.In nearly every shot in the film there is a gun which shows the amount of tension and rivalry betw een everyone and how this leads into the conflicts. Also Lurhmann choose to represent the different houses in the form of gangs which a lot of people now days can understand in a sense which there is always a lot of conflict to protect yourself and your family name. I think Lurhmann has achieved exactly this in Act 1 Scene 1. The conflict shown in this scene is incredible in a way in which it is brought up how something very small can lead into something big and cause a lot of damage and disruption.

All About the Speed of Light and What It Measures

All About the Speed of Light and What It Measures Light moves through the universe at the fastest speed astronomers can measure. In fact, the speed of light is a cosmic speed limit, and nothing is known to move faster. How fast does light move? This limit can be measured and it also helps define our understanding of the universes size and age. What Is Light: Wave or Particle? Light travels fast, at a velocity of 299, 792, 458 meters per second. How can it do this? To understand that, its helpful to know what light actually is and thats largely a 20th-century discovery. The nature of light was a great mystery for centuries. Scientists had trouble grasping the concept of its wave and particle nature.  If it was a wave what did it propagate through? Why did it appear to travel at the same speed in all directions? And, what can the speed of light tell us about the cosmos?  It wasnt until Albert Einstein described this theory of special relativity in 1905 it all came into focus. Einstein argued that space and time were relative and that the speed of light was the constant that connected the two. What Is the Speed of Light? It is often stated that the speed of light is constant and that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. This isnt entirely accurate. The value of 299,792,458 meters per second (186,282 miles per second) is the speed of light in a vacuum.  However, light actually slows down as it passes through different media. For instance, when it moves through glass, it slows down to about two-thirds of its speed in a vacuum.  Even in air, which is nearly a vacuum, light slows down slightly. As it moves through space, it encounters clouds of gas and dust, as well as gravitational fields, and those can change the speed a tiny bit. The clouds of gas and dust also absorb some of the light as it passes through. This phenomenon has to do with the nature of light, which is an electromagnetic wave. As it propagates through a material its electric and magnetic fields disturb the charged particles that it comes in contact with. These disturbances then cause the particles to radiate light at the same frequency, but with a phase shift. The sum of all these waves produced by the disturbances will lead to an electromagnetic wave with the same frequency as the original light, but with a shorter wavelength and, hence a slower speed. Interesting, as fast as light moves, its path can be bent as it passes by regions in space with intense gravitational fields. This is fairly easily seen in galaxy clusters, which contain a lot of matter (including dark matter), which warps the path of light from more distant objects, such as quasars. Gravitational lensing and how it works. Light from a distant object passes by a closer object with a strong gravitational pull. The light is bent and distorted and that creates images of the more distant object.   NASA Lightspeed and Gravitational Waves Current theories of physics predict that gravitational waves also travel at the speed of light, but this is still being confirmed as scientists study the phenomenon of gravitational waves from colliding black holes and neutron stars. Otherwise, there are no other objects that travel that fast. Theoretically, they can get close to the speed of light, but not faster. One exception to this may be space-time itself. It appears that distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than the speed of light. This is a problem that scientists are still trying to understand. However, one interesting consequence of this is that a travel system based on the idea of a warp drive. In such a technology, a spacecraft is at rest relative to space and its actually space that moves, like a surfer riding a wave on the ocean. Theoretically, this might allow for superluminal travel. Of course, there are other practical and technological limitations that stand in the way, but its an interesting science-fiction idea that is getting some scientific interest.   Travel Times for Light One of the questions that astronomers get from members of the public is: how long would it take light to go from object X to Object Y? Light gives them a very accurate way to measure the size of the universe by defining distances. Here are a few of the common ones distance measurements: The Earth to the Moon: 1.255 secondsThe Sun to Earth: 8.3 minutesOur Sun to the next closest star: 4.24 yearsAcross our Milky Way  galaxy: 100,000 yearsTo the closest  spiral galaxy (Andromeda): 2.5 million yearsLimit of the observable universe to Earth: 13.8 billion years Interestingly, there are objects that are beyond our ability to see simply because the universe IS expanding, and some are over the horizon beyond which we cannot see. They will never come into our view, no matter how fast their light travels. This is one of the fascinating effects of living in an expanding universe.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Platos account

Discuss the significance and relevance of Platos account of mimesis and the authenticity of the copy in respect of one of the following films: The Matrix. In your answer pay close attention to both the films form and its content. The Wachowski brothers The Matrix presents a world of illusion, where nothing is as it seems. A world created by computers, run by artificial intelligence. It draws strongly on Platonic theory by showing that only when this fake world is looked at from the outside, from an objective viewpoint, can it be understood, and only when this world of imitation is understood can it be overcome. The work of art in the contemporary world sees allegory, ie. the ability of the story to tell another point for point, as a crucial characteristic. This criteria allows for depth in the work beyond aesthetic, giving art various possible readings and interpretations and allowing the artist/director to retell a story and simultaneously put their own perspective on the tale. The sci-fi epic The Matrix is a prime example of this very post-modern trait. Several allegories are contained within The Matrixs structure and content. The obvious and relevant allegories that of Platos cave. Interestingly, the ancient Greek philosophers cave story was itself an allegory devised by Plato for the degree to which our nature is educated for the state of human existence, or for the plight of man as Plato saw it. The Matrix, in this light, is a copy of a copy. Looking at the movie in regards to its similarities with Platos text. Plato begins by conjuring an image for his audience: people living in an underground place, like a cave. They are restricted in their visions of the world by chains, and they have been there ever since childhood. Similarly, in the Matrix, the human species is being controlled by artificial intelligence. The people are in captivity, and the...

Structural Stagnation Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Structural Stagnation Dilemma - Essay Example Economist deliberated on the new issue which carried much weight to the US economy and several hypotheses were put across. The economist named this strange phenomenon as the structural stagnation dilemma. The argument was that the problem that had recently hit the US economy were not just normal economic issue, but structural problems caused by globalization. Regardless of whether one approves the structural stagnation dilemma presented by various author, it is quite useful in generating ideas this problem. It illustrates how economic reasoning blends distinct economic concepts and ideas from both macroeconomics and microeconomics into a reasonable explanation for contemporary events. Secondly, the economic reasoning is supported by empirical testing of the ideas hence giving more reliable information. According to this argument, structural stagnation has both the short-term and the long-run causes. The short-run economic causes are intricately linked to consequences of the financial crisis. The long-run manifest itself in issues such as globalization, trade deficits, and exchange rates. These two are perfectly related in that one of the core problems of this financial problem was that the government was trying to avoid handling problems brought about by globalization. The structural stagnation can be explained from a number of economic fronts. For instance, US have experienced a couple of recessions before; however, the recovery has always been slower with each passing recession. The growth has also been slow and gradual. Intuitively, this pointed out to some possibility of other causes rather than just recession. Faced with this kind of problem with each passing year, the economist began to grapple that something must have been wrong with the economy. This was the hallmark of the structural stagnation theory which predicted a recovery characterized by slow growth

Article Critique of Moscow to insist Russia and China join chemical Research Paper

Article Critique of Moscow to insist Russia and China join chemical arms probe by Reuters & AP - Research Paper Example With this in mind, the two warring factions do not want to take responsibility and are therefore blaming one another for the misfortune that one of them caused and led to great damage to the country. The conflict in Syria, which is between rebels and the government has raged on for two years and has caused the deaths of over 70,000 people in the course of its life, that is still going on. The correctness rages on in that the rebels are attempting to take over power from the current government, where the war is beyond taking power for either group. Putting this into perspective means that the group that wins shall not be held accountable for the loss of lives and even the destruction of property that has been experienced countrywide, as well as the civil unrest. The loser will solely be responsible, whereby it is upon the loser to admit defeat and accept all that has occurred with no option of redress or appeal. In addition, the article addressing the Syrian conflict brings into persp ective the problem of a conflict that is too late to stop as all parties have too much to lose considering that, the government has put its all in the war against the rebels, while the rebels to have done the same. In addition, the rebels are backed by a good section of the civilian population, which means that the government is almost on the losing side due to the presence of civilians. In this case, civilians represent a good bargaining chip for the rebels, as the government is bound by international law not to engage civilians using the military or even by use of unnecessary or excessive force. Consequently, the outcome is that the government is losing, which makes the missile issue even more critical for them as a loss in the war is guaranteed for them to take political and legal responsibility for the war. It is at this point that the missile issue comes up again as it highlights an attempt to foil the attempts of one side of the conflict at clinching or maintaining power. This is evident and might appear biased towards the rebel side, as logical analysis would show the ability to fire missiles lies with the military. The same military backs the government, where the government is at war with rebels, and the whole situation does not look for the government, but the rebels (Reuters and AP). On the other hand, the missile could be part of intricate plan to oust the current government by forcing it to take responsibility for the said weapon. It is due to this that the international community in the form of the United Nations and the veto powers in it to look at the situation ad and determine the origin and the intent of its launch in relation to the Syrian conflict. The main concern of the international community, however, is not on the use of missiles against a civilian population but is instead focused on the use of chemicals in the missile. This is a major contravention of the laws of engagement in the event of war in an agreement that goes as far back as the 19th century, where there were signed treaties against the use of chemical warfare against the people, where even soldiers are included. Another perspective of this issue in the use of chemical warfare is what the international community stands to gain.

Marxist Analys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marxist Analys - Essay Example Either form is a function of value which holds consistent the equivalence among its forms yet value itself varies depending on its meaning in the state of economy. Once the value is challenged in the process, regardless of form, its own size or magnitude is also subject to alter. Under Marx’s proposition, this is the stage around which ‘capital’ executes and comes in the scene to yield to a definition based on the shaping of the value, not the shifting of its form. On stating â€Å"Value therefore now becomes value in process, money in process, and as such, capital†, Marx likely signifies ‘process’ and argues how this is essential for the life of a capital where value is at work and its progress with changing measure determines capital. Without such process, it would be difficult to interpret capital and its purpose since the event of adding or subtracting from a value is characteristic of incorporating a function that would later meet the objective of generating a projected output or necessity such as income which is itself affected by the processed value. Marx pertains to the dilemma of treating ‘capital’ in terms of how it should emerge in and out of the circulation. The conflict, however, is not concerned about the presence of capital on either condition as being within or beyond circulation but Marx uses negation with ‘cannot’ and ‘impossible’ to emphasize the difficulty of designating ‘capital’ with respect to where circulation occurs. Though this is the case, Marx insists â€Å"it must have its origin both in circulation and not in circulation.† In order to settle the butterfly issue with capital, Marx resolves to have the double effect defeat its ground. Due to the fundamental property attached to capital, Marx proposes for capital to be conceived out of allowing circulation to adjust to the intrinsic laws of exchange. It is

Anchoring and Adjustment Essay Example for Free

Anchoring and Adjustment Essay Negotiator biases are an important part of knowing how to present a negotiation in the most positive light. Negotiators must also be flexible in offering that which the party or parties find acceptable. A bias to be discussed will be that of anchoring that part of a negotiation the negotiate is willing to accept. A second bias is that of framing the outcome for the party as enticing as possible. Availability of information will be the final bias discussed. In discussing these biases the goal is to become a negotiator capable of avoiding these through heightened awareness. Anchoring and Adjustment What is it about the product or presentation you are offering that is attractive to the other party that will create a positive outcome. The bias of anchoring and adjustment is applying appropriate value to the service, product, or presentation being offered. An example would be purchasing a product on e-bay. One of the attractions of bidding on e-bay, is the automatic bidding feature. The buyer places a particular value upon the product. The seller may or may not have a set price. For the purpose of this example, the seller has not set a particular price. The product is a prized, hard to find Christmas item that your three year old child must have. While you are willing to make a sacrifice, what is the sacrifice worth to you? The buyer puts into play a price that is reasonable to him/her. While also putting in the maximum amount he/she is willing to pay for the product. The minimum bid is placed at 500 dollars. A friend of yours knew you were seeking this particular item for your child and offers to sell the item for 750 dollars. An anchor has been set, a specific value on the item your child desires. One advantage is that you can see the condition of the item, where the e-bay seller has offered a picture. Framing Outcomes Framing outcomes presents a bit more complex bias in negotiation situation. Risk is introduced as a threat to the negotiation process. This bias is one in which the negotiator must be able to know the different types of risk and guess at the risk another party is willing to accept. In the example set above, all three risks could be put into action or play. The buyer could decide to be risk-neutral and attempt to bring the friends price to the acceptable offer of the maximum bid offered on e-bay. The second option is risk-averse which would be to accept the neighbors offer without negotiation, in other words the offer is accepted without challenge. The third option, risk-seeker would involve the person willing to accept the loss if the he/she is outbid on e-bay and thus the childs disappointment. Missing a cue such as the willingness to take risk could be vital in the outcome of the process. The neighbor in our scenario definitely has the advantage of the endowment effect. As owner of the desired item he/she is most likely placing a higher value on the prized Christmas toy that may be acceptable. The effect of ownership serves as a bias in that the item has come to have more value, in the mind of the seller. A situation which may leave the seller holding a useless toy, once the holiday season has passed. Availability of Information This would seem to be one of the most vital parts in negotiation. The negotiator should have most if not all the information that is possibly available. However, it seems likely, that this step though important could also be easily missed. The article pointed out that information can easily be misconstrued due to the attachment a person may or may not have to the process. Continuing in the example of the desired toy; How vital has it become in the buyers mind to attain the toy for the child? Have there been news reports showing long lines and large shortages of the availability of the toy? Have advertisements for the desired item been more frequent, thus making the item much more valuable to the child? How willing is the parent to avoid tears and disappointment on Christmas morning? In the process of negotiation the importance of information, must in some way, be mined by the negotiator to create the desired outcome. Knowledge is always a valuable thing, whether this is revealed to the relevant parties is not important. The negotiator should know about the parties being worked with, as well as the desired outcome and that which makes the outcome desirable. Conclusion Awareness of the biases in negotiation are important to the would be person who chooses to arbitrate or mediate in decision-making. The three problems outlined above are all important and complex. The arbitrator must have the skill of being able to know the value of that outcome which is most desirable and palatable. The negotiator should have an excellent working knowledge of human behavior and those actions that may come into play during a negotiation. The negotiator must be willing to study and learn, not only the process of negotiation, but what makes the desired outcome, just that? An arbitrator or mediator works toward an outcome agreeable to all parties, creating a win-win situation, known or unknown to the involved parties. Awareness of negotiator biases provides access to those traps a negotiator may become entangled. Through higher knowledge and awareness the would be negotiator should be able to avoid those biases before becoming a problem.

The Bitter Sweet Symphony of Life :: Music Capsule Bitter Sweet Essays

The Bitter Sweet Symphony of Life Time capsules are a trendy way of preserving the past for a period of time, in hopes of capturing physical proof of the advances in our society. Therefore, I am not surprised that many educational institutions have embraced the concept of a time capsule. However, this creates a problem: How can singular items be chosen to represent multitudes of ideas, creations, and people? The only logical conclusion to this dilemma is to allow those being represented to choose an example that they feel best represents the majority, which in this case would be the entire class. Therefore, as a fellow classmate, I feel that The Verveà ­s à ¬Bitter Sweet Symphony would be an excellent choice for the time capsule because all aspects of the song have the ability to symbolize our class. Music is composed of many different parts: the melody, bass, and accompaniment. In the bass line of à ¬Bitter Sweet Symphony there is a reoccuring music strain that is heard throughout the entire piece. This is an example of a recording process known as sampling, in which a small portion of an already existing song is reproduced and inserted into a new song. In this case, The Verve was able to utilize the Rolling Stoness The Last Time in collaboration with their own music to invent a new sound. Just as The Verve took a sound from the past, students are taking the experiences and knowledge of the past as they embark on the new millenium. We are not repeating our past failures, but instead are molding them into something that can be adapted into a new concept and a new way of thinking. Mistakes of the past can lead to the triumphs in our futures. As lyricist, lead singer, Richard Ashcroft states, just take [what is given to you] and use your imagination (Bittersweet Trium ph). The use of sampling also symbolizes how our past and our heritage will always surround us and be our base. Together we are able to create a melody that will stand out and be something more beautiful and unique than before. The sample of The Last Time is heard throughout the entire song, just as our different cultures are always present in our lives.

Australia at the Turn of the Century

Weekends provided free time for some working peoples to relax and be entertained, though some families still had to work on weekends for the extra money. The upper and middle classes possessed a more comfortable life style due to their wealth. Because of their wealth, not all their time was devoted to work, therefore leaving more time for leisure activities. Sports that were mostly restricted to upper and middle classes or those who could afford them were Tennis, Golf, Rowing, Hunting and Car racing. Owning motor cars was very rare, and only the very wealthiest of families had them. Families who did have cars would travel to the country side or the beach for picnics. Garden parties, theatre and black and white motion pictures were also popular. Church was, and still is an important part of Sunday mornings. Once high speed paper press was brought in, more and more books were being published and mass produced, this lead to improved literacy skills. Back then, streets were dusty, dirty and noisy – crowded with people and horses. To cross the street, you had to walk through mud, dirt and horse manure. From the 19th century, life expectancy rose from 54, to now, 78. Up until 1980’s when bathrooms were installed, people had a ‘dunny’ or ‘privy,’ which consisted of a can with a seat resting on top. Because waste was not collected or taken away for weeks at a time, diseases were picked up and passed on more easily. When the flushing toilet came in, it was obviously the most hygienic choice, but not everyone could afford the upgrade. People often died from diseases that are easily prevented or treated today. In the 19th century, electricity was invented, but again, not everyone could afford it in their home. Also the first telephone was introduced to Sydney in 1880. Up until 1906 it was illegal to swim at the beach between 6am and 8pm. In the 1860’s it was fashionable for woman to have a small waist and lots of bunched up material in the skirt of their dress. Under their dresses, woman would wear garments known as ‘crinolines’ and ‘corsets.’ Crinolines were used to make the skirt become like a bell shape. Poor families did not have nice dresses and clothes, they had rags, and the poorest of families didn’t even have shoes for their children.

On Goethe’s “The Sorrows of Young Werther” Essay

Every piece of literature which alludes to the foolishness, audacity, and perhaps, sheer naivety of the age-old play that is love, in its passions, pursuit, and myriad complex jubilations and devastations, is bound to appeal to at least one individual or the other. Humanity is inherently blessed or plagued by this encompassing sentiment, however fraught with woes and literary tremors it may appear to be, which is why poems, short stories, novels, and other literary works of fiction, in the flamboyant manner by which it recounts aspects of humanity, serve as fitting stages or platforms for the overplayed drama that is love. The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe plays the aforementioned persuasion well, particularly in what many regard as a semi-autobiographical novel entitled, â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther† (1774). While the novel can be easily and automatically categorized as a ‘romantic’ piece of literary fiction based on the instance that it was published during the height of the Romantic period that is 18th century western Europe, it is also identified as such because it encompasses and reflects the spirit of the said era. â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther† constitutes, much like the title already aptly connotes, the pains of a young man named Werther, as he personally recounts the perennial tragedy of unrequited love, through a series of letters addressed to his friend Wilhelm. Werther is impassioned and consumed by attraction to a woman who doesn’t reciprocate his affections, much less pay attention to him, and who happens to be engaged to one of his friends. Werther culminates his long drawn poetic divulgings, outcries, and â€Å"sorrows† in the act of suicide. For most people, the concluding drama and tragedy which exists in Goethe’s novel is entirely plausible, or â€Å"realistic,† given that it was fueled by the obsessive nature of attraction. Goethe affords readers a perspective of an attraction, of a sentiment, of a proclaimed ‘love’ that may be juvenile and naive, but is far from healthy or harmless. It affirms and encompasses every romanticized idea or cliche of love as an immense force far greater than any individual; all-consuming and agonizing, especially – as in young Werther’s case – when it isn’t reciprocated. It also highlights the great lengths people rise or turn to for the sake of love, however convoluted, or different, and maybe even delusional, the form it takes may appear to be. These aforementioned â€Å"great lengths† aren’t always necessarily a good thing, in Werther’s case for instance, it meant death. It meant killing the pain, meant dying in flesh and bones in the same manner he already had inside. It meant consummating the proverbial death which he was only able to hold on to for so long. It may be achingly juvenile, and infinitely naive, but it is the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s take and translation of love, in its purest and unabashedly raw form; devoid of necessary standards, strictures and responsibilities of â€Å"reasonable love. † One which lives, and as already apparent, dies for the sole purpose of the said circus or charade of an emotion; so much so that it ascribes the instance of death, and particularly of suicide, as a course of action or undertaking which is suddenly deemed romantic, noble, or at the very least acceptable, where the passions of attraction and the agony of love is concerned. While this may appear utterly heartbreaking and romantic on the leaves of a paperback book, I have reason to believe that it should be limited to the said confines, and not translate to â€Å"the real world. † While most readers, and myself, may sympathize with Werther’s plight, agony, and his aptly titled ‘sorrows,’ I have reason to believe that love can also manifest in less explosive and immensely imposing ways. I believe that it exists and abounds throughout the greater part of humanity and the world we live in, despite what hideousness and ugliness which surrounds the current state of our country and the rest of the world may connote. It exists in something as mundane as an e-mail or phone call, a free car ride, to seeming hallmark or kodak moments as the flying of kites, a little league team at play, a shared sandwich; and to the familiar trivialities but authentic and wholly heart-warming dependability of broad shoulders, thin lips, welcoming cheeks, and the warmth of an embrace. Love exists in more than one definition and translates in varying degrees and circumstances, an individual shouldn’t decide to end his or her life because of a romanticized version of it. People should live through and for love, not die for it. As for sorrow, people should endure and keep every exquisite agony, because ultimately and essentially, sorrows affirm our humanity, and our capacity to love. Works Cited Von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. (2006) The Sorrows Of Young Werther. Mondial.

Panera Bread Nonprofit Restaurant

Panera Bread Nonprofit Restaurant Panera Bread is a company that has a chain of caterings all over the USA. The executive chairman of the board, Ron Shaich, has decided to open a nonprofit restaurant in St. Louis that declares â€Å"Take what you need, leave your fair share†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Panera Bread Nonprofit Restaurant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The restaurant offers bakery products and customers pay the price they consider appropriate, or, those who cant pay, are able to get food by donating their time. One of the main ideas of this restaurant is to sell day-old baked goods other restaurants of the chain produce (Panera: Pay what you can afford, 2010). Sharing experience is one of the main problems the organization faces. Dwelling upon the main idea of this nonprofit restaurant, it is important to state that it offers people bakery products which are not paid to the cashiers as in usual restaurants. Cashiers offer only the information about their cost and receive credit cards. When people have selected what they want, they are not offered to pay their bill, they are asked to donate. Those who have no money have an opportunity to donate their time, to work in the restaurant. Money donated by the visitors is delivered to different communities which need support. Volunteer work is extremely important as it allows the company not to pay salaries and deliver more money to those who really need it (Horovitz, 2010). Sharing experience and knowledge is considered to be one of the main problems the community of practice faces, and the following steps should be considered to solve it. First of all, the community of practice should identify the goals, objects and the scope of work to do. Considering the case under consideration, it is necessary to identify the organizations in the area which want to have the same practice. According to the number of objects, a group of people should be created which sh ould be aware of the main principles of this kind of business. The volunteers who participated in the restaurant business may be considered as the best candidates. Secondly, it is necessary to create a plan according to which the information is going to be shared. Specific meetings, Internet forums or leaflets with the specific data are the central means of sharing the information among those who are interested in the affair. The managers of the restaurant should always be ready to answer the questions asked by those who are interested in running this kind of business. Panera Bread is not the first company which has decided to run this kind of business, so the information from other companies may be interesting. The Internet is a great opportunity to get it.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The policy of actions in the relation to the sharing of knowledge and exper ience in running donation business is created on the basis of the community of practice. It does not have any financial basis as this organization is nonprofit. The community of practice is â€Å"made up of individuals who are informally bounded to one another through exposure to a similar set of problems and a common pursuit of solutions† (Daft Lane, 2008, p. 216). Keeping in mind this specific definition, it is possible to create a set of nonprofit organizations which are aimed at helping foundations which need specific assistance or financial support. Thus, it may be concluded that Panera Bread nonprofit restaurant based on donations and volunteer work may become a center of the community of practice aimed at helping other companies create the same kind of business in different spheres. Information sharing may be considered as the main problem the company may face, but it is important to remember about the communities which are always ready to help. Reference List Daft, R . L. Lane, P. G. (2008). The leadership experience. Stamford: Cengage Learning. Horovitz, B. (2010, may 18). Non-profit Panera cafe: Take what you need, pay what you can. USA Today. Web. Panera: Pay what you can afford. (2010, May 18). St. Louis Business Journal. Web.

The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Essay Example

The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Essay Example The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Paper The Efficiency of Carabao Manure with Extract of Eucalyptus Paper Carabao Manure THE EFFICIENCY OF CARABAO MANURE WITH EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus cinerea) AND LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citrates) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO REPELLANT Background of the Study Dengue victims are abundantly spreading in our society and they are caused by the known Aedes aegypti. These mosquitoes are merely found in places where there are abandoned tires and containers filled with stagnant water, Mosquitoes are also known as the most dangerous killers in the world where they can victimize an approximate of 2 to 3 million people in a year. Mostly found on leading stores are expensive commercial chemical mosquito repellants. Carabao manure definition These mosquito repellants may contain toxic chemicals that can cause respiratory diseases to us, human beings. In connection with this, we must also consider that not all of us can afford to purchase these said mosquito repellants. These commercialized mosquito repellants contain toxins like DEET ( N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide ) that are widely used by most residents in our community. Objectives of the Study This study is designed to produce an alternative mosquito repellant out of carabo manure with extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus leaves combined together. Carabao manure components Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions a. What are the chemical components of carabao manure combined with lemon grass and eucalyptus extract that would repel the mosquitoes? b. Is the carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract effective compared to the chemical commercial mosquito repellant? c. What are the effects of chemical components from carabao manure combined with lemongrass to the environment and to human beings? d. Is the natural alternative mosquito repellant safe to human beings and to the environment? Assumptions and Hypotheses: 1. The carabao manure combined with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant is efficient. 2. The materials used to make an alternative natural mosquito repellant are adequate. 3. The natural mosquito repellants is as effective as the commercial chemical repellants. Hypotheses: 1. There is a significant difference between the commercial chemical mosquito repellent and the natural mosquito repellent. 2. There is relative effectiveness of the natural mosquito repellant and the commercial chemical mosquito repellant. Definition of Terms: DEET- N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide; slightly yellow oil; most common active ingredient in insect repellants. Eucalyptus- a diverse genus of flowing trees in the myrtle family, Mytaceae; members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia. Dengue Fever- it is also known as break bone fever, an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the dengue virus; dengue is usually transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Carabao Manure- a good organic fertilizer; contains 18. 5% nitrogen, 43. 7% phosphoric acid and 9. potash; a good source of fuel either as dried dung, or in generating biogas or methane. Lemongrass- traditionally used by Indians as a medicine; has numerous uses and properties in aromatherapy. Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant. The aspects looked into were the components of carabao manure with extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus that would repel the mosquitoes and the nature of mosquitoes. Related studies about carabao manure Population or Universe: Locale of the study:MMSU-LHS-SC Period of the study:S. Y. 2010-2011 Bibliography http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti http://chemistry. about. com/bio/Anne-Marie-Helmenstine-Ph-D-7815. htm Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, Published by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines, 1978 Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street,Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 139 Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street,Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 83 Related Literature and Studies It has been found out that Dengue fever is also known as breakbone fever, an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the dengue virus; dengue is usually transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Footnotes: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti It has been found out that carabao manure is a good organic fertilizer; contains 18. 5% nitrogen, 43. 7% phosphoric acid, and 9. 6 potash; a good ource of fuel either as dried dung, or in generating biogas or methane. Footnotes: http://chemistry. about. com/bio/Anne-Marie-Helmenstine-Ph-D-7815. htm It has been found out that lemongrass is traditionally used by Indians as a medicine; has numerous uses and properties in aromatherapy. Footnotes: Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, Published by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Que zon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines, 1978 It has been found out that observation is the most direct way and the most widely used in studying behavior. Footnotes: Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 139 It has been found out that DEET ( N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide ) is the most common active ingredient in insect repellants. Footnotes: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowin trees in the myrtle family, Mytaceael members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia. Footnotes: Dr. Eduardo Quisumbing Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, Published by: JMC PRESS, INC. 88 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City, Philippines, 1978 According to Manuel and Medel, the basic purpose of experimental research is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condition, group or situation, purpose in which is to discover â€Å"What will be. † Footnotes: Jose F. Calderon, Ed. D; Gonzales, Expectacion C, Coordinator; Methods of Research and Thesis Writing; Published by: Quad Alpha Centrum Bldg, 125 Pioneer Street, Mandaluyong City 1550, p. 83 Method of Collecting Data: The method of collecting data used was the observation. This is concerned in gathering information for a research, may be defined as perceiving data through the senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell. Observation is used to be able to gather directly, first-hand information about the subject of study. Methodology: Materials Used: The materials used in the study were: 1. Lemongrass leaves 2. Eucalyptus leaves 3. Carabao manure 4. Mortar and pestle 5. Containers 6. Strainers Procedure To produce the extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus, first washed the fresh lemongrass and eucalyptus leaves thoroughly and used the mortar and pestle to crush the leaves into fine particles. Second, squeezed the crushed leaves to get the extract. Next, the extract is strained using a strainer. Fourth, combine the extract with the carabao manure. Next, mold the carabao manure with extract in any shape you want as long as it can serve as an alternative mosquito coil. Lastly, let the carabao manure with extract be dried. Method of Research: The experimental method of research was used in this study. Experimental research is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated treatments or actions from a factor or condition, called the experimental or independent ariable, are applied upon another factor of condition, called the dependent variable, to determine the effect of the farmer upon the latter, all other factors of variables being kept constant or equal so that any change in the dependent variable is attributable only to the experimental or independent variable. The basic purpose of experimental research is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condit ion, group, or situation, purpose of which is to discover â€Å"what will be. Since the study is concerned with the efficiency of carabao manure with extract of lemongrass and eucalyptus leaves as an alternative mosquito repellant, the experimental method of research was the most appropriate method to use because it seeks to discover what will be the result and how effective it is. Conceptual Framework Output Natural Alternative Mosquito Repellant Process Extraction of Leaves Mixing Lemongrass extract and Eucalyptus extract with Carabao Manure Drying of Carabao Manure Inputs Lemongrass Leaves Eucalyptus Leaves Carabao Manure